Efectos de la edad relativa en selecciones femeninas de Colombia: caso juegos bolivarianos 2022 / Relative age effects in Colombian women's teams: 2022 bolivarian games case / Efeitos da idade relativa nas equipes femininas colombianas: caso dos jogos bolivarianos 2022

Los efectos relativos de la edad (RAE) se refieren a aquellas (des)ventajas y resultados que proceden fundamentalmente de una interacción entre la fecha de nacimiento y las fechas utilizadas para organizar logísticamente a los participantes. Los RAE prevalecen constantemente en contextos deportivos femeninos, con un 25 % más de participantes relativamente mayores (Q1) que participantes relativamente más jóvenes (Q4). Nuestro objetivo fue identificar los RAE en las selecciones Colombia femeninas participantes en los últimos juegos Bolivarianos [JB] (Organización Deportiva Bolivariana [ODEBO], 2022). Se analizaron un total n = 87 fechas de nacimiento, utilizando la prueba estadística de chi-cuadrada. El análisis nos permitió establecer que no existen los RAE en las selecciones femeninas participantes en los JB (X2 = 12,2; p = 0,836). Estos hallazgos son importantes para el contexto del deporte femenino colombiano y pueden ser tenidos en cuenta por organizaciones, clubes deportivos, así como en lineamientos para la identificación y selección de talentos deportivos.

Relative Age Effects (RAE) refer to those (dis)advantages and outcomes that stem primarily from an interaction between the date of birth and the dates used to logistically organize the participants. RAE is consistently prevalent in female sports contexts, with 25% more relatively older participants (Q1) than relatively younger participants (Q4). Our objective was to identify the RAE in the Colombian women's teams participating in the last Bolivarian Games (JB) (ODEBO, 2022). A total of n = 87 dates of birth were analyzed using the chi-square statistical test. The analysis allowed us to establish that there are no RAE in the female teams participating in JB (X2 = 12,2; p = 0,836). These findings are important in the context of Colombian women's sports and can be considered by organizations, and sports clubs, as well as in guidelines for the identification and Selection of sports talents.

Os Efeitos da Idade Relativa (RAE) referem-se àquelas (des)vantagens e resultados que decorrem principalmente de uma interação entre a data de nascimento e as datas utilizadas para organizar logisticamente os participantes. O EIR é consistentemente prevalente em contextos esportivos femininos, com 25% mais participantes relativamente mais velhos (Q1) do que participantes relativamente mais jovens (Q4). Nosso objetivo foi identificar o RAE nas equipes femininas colombianas participantes dos últimos Jogos Bolivarianos (JB) (ODEBO, 2022). Um total de n = 87 datas de nascimento foram analisadas pelo teste estatístico do qui-quadrado. A análise permitiu estabelecer que não há EIR nas equipes femininas participantes do JB (X2 = 12,2; p = 0,836). Esses achados são importantes para o contexto do esporte feminino colombiano e podem ser levados em consideração pelas organizações e clubes esportivos, bem como nas diretrizes para a identificação e seleção de talentos esportivos.

Avaliação do crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil e fatores de risco de um município que integra uma universidade brasileira de cunho internacional / Evaluation of childhood growth and development and risk factors of a municipality that is part of an international brazilian university / Evaluación de los factores de crecimiento y desarrollo infantil y de riesgo de un municipio que forma parte de una universidad brasileña internacional

Fatores de risco, incluindo os de cunho materno, interferem no crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil. Nesse sentido, o conhecimento desses fatores e avaliação ade- quada desses processos são necessários para articulação de estratégias preventivas de transtornos futuros. Assim, o estudo visou investigar o crescimento e desenvolvimento de crianças atendidas em consulta de puericultura em unidades básicas de saúde de um mu- nicípio cearense, que integra uma universidade brasileira de cunho internacional, e seus fatores de risco. Trata-se de estudo observacional, analítico, transversal e de abordagem quantitativa, conduzido com crianças e suas mães no Centro de Saúde de Acarape e Posto de Saúde São Benedito (Acarape ­ CE), no período de fevereiro a julho de 2021. Após consentimento, as mães preencheram um questionário, seguido de avaliação do cresci- mento e desenvolvimento das crianças. Os dados obtidos foram analisados. Das 70 crian- ças, 50,00% (n = 17) e 51,43% (n = 18) dos meninos e meninas tinham baixa estatura para idade, respectivamente. Para o desenvolvimento psicossocial, dos 284 testes condu- zidos, 86,27% (n = 245) foram realizados em plenitude pelas crianças. Observou-se as- sociação significativa entre a gestante ter concebido o filho com, no mínimo, 9 meses de período gestacional e esse apresentar relação Peso/Idade adequada e Estatura/Idade ina- dequada. Houve associação significativa entre a criança não ingerir refresco em pó e apre- sentar relação Peso/Idade adequada. Conclui-se que as crianças tinham idade gestacional adequada e apresentavam estado nutricional apropriado, apesar da baixa estatura para idade. Manifestavam desenvolvimento psicossocial, de linguagem e físico normais. Sobre os fatores de risco, esses envolveram os de cunho materno e o consumo de alimentos cariogênicos.

Risk factors, including maternal ones, interfere with child growth and de- velopment. In this sense, knowledge of these factors and adequate evaluation of these processes are necessary to articulate preventive strategies for future disorders. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the growth and development of children seen in childcare con- sultations in primary health units in Ceará, part of a Brazilian university of international character, and their risk factors. This is an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, conducted with children and their mothers at the Acarape Health Center and São Benedito Health Center (Acarape ­ CE), from February to July 2021. After consent, the mothers completed a questionnaire, followed by an assessment of the children's growth and development. The data obtained were analyzed. Of the 70 children, 50.00% (n = 17) and 51.43% (n = 18) of the boys and girls were short for their age, respectively. Of the 284 tests conducted for psychosocial development, 86.27% (n = 245) were entirely performed by the children. A significant association was observed between the pregnant woman having conceived her child at least nine months of gestation and having an adequate Weight/Age and Height/Age ratio. There was a significant asso- ciation between the child not ingesting powdered soft drinks and having an appropriate Weight/Age ratio. It was concluded that the children had an adequate gestational age and had an appropriate nutritional status, despite their low height for their age. They showed normal psychosocial, language, and physical development. The risk factors involved those of mother nature and the consumption of cariogenic foods.

Los factores de riesgo, incluidos los maternos, interfieren en el crecimiento y desarrollo infantil. En este sentido, el conocimiento de estos factores y la evaluación adecuada de estos procesos son necesarios para articular estrategias preventivas de futu- ros trastornos. Así, el estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el crecimiento y desarrollo de niños atendidos en consultas de puericultura en unidades básicas de salud de un muni- cipio de Ceará, que forma parte de una universidad brasileña de carácter internacional, y sus factores de riesgo. Se trata de un estudio observacional, analítico, transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado con niños y sus madres en el Centro de Salud de Acarape y el Centro de Salud São Benedito (Acarape ­ CE), de febrero a julio de 2021. Después del consentimiento, las madres completaron un cuestionario, seguido de una evaluación del crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados. De los 70 niños, el 50,00% (n = 17) y el 51,43% (n = 18) de los niños y niñas eran bajos para su edad, respectivamente. Para el desarrollo psicosocial, de las 284 pruebas realizadas, el 86,27% (n = 245) fueron realizadas íntegramente por los niños. Se observó una asociación significativa entre la gestante haber concebido a su hijo con al menos 9 meses de gesta- ción y tener una adecuada relación Peso/Edad y Talla/Edad. Hubo asociación significativa entre el niño que no ingiere gaseosas en polvo y presentar una adecuada relación Peso/Edad. Se concluyó que los niños tenían una edad gestacional adecuada y un estado nutricional adecuado, a pesar de su baja talla para su edad. Presentaron un desarrollo psi- cosocial, lingüístico y físico normal. En cuanto a los factores de riesgo, estos involucraron los de naturaleza materna y el consumo de alimentos cariogénicos.

Alterations of DNA methylation were associated with the rapid growth of cortisol-producing adrenocortical adenoma during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Cortisol-producing adrenocortical adenoma (CPA) during pregnancy rarely occurs in clinic. Growing evidence suggests that DNA methylation plays a key role in adrenocortical adenomas. The present study aims to examine the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles and identify the differences in DNA methylation signatures of non-pregnant and pregnant patients with CPA. RESULTS: Four pregnant and twelve non-pregnant patients with CPA were enrolled. The pregnant patients with CPA had higher serum cortisol, Estradiol, Progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin concentration, while having lower serum FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and luteinizing hormone concentrations (P < 0.01). Compared with the non-pregnant patients, the duration is shorter, and the growth rate of the tumor is faster in pregnant patients with CPA (P < 0.05). Morphology and cell proliferation assay showed that the percentage of Ki-67 positive cells in CPA were higher in pregnant group than non-pregnant group (8.0% vs 5.5%, P < 0.05). The DNA methylation analysis showed that Genome-wide DNA methylation signature difference between pregnant and non-pregnant with CPA, that the pregnant group had more hypermethylated DMPs (67.94% vs 22.16%) and less hypomethylated DMPs (32.93% vs 77.84%). The proportion of hypermethylated DMPs was relatively high on chromosomes 1 (9.68% vs 8.67%) and X (4.99% vs 3.35%) but lower on chromosome 2(7.98% vs 12.92%). In pregnant patients with CPA, 576 hypomethylated DMPs and 1109 hypermethylated DMPs were identified in the DNA promoter region. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the Wnt/ß-Catenin pathway, Ras/MAPK Pathway and PI3K-AKT Pathway were associated with the development of CPA during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of CPA in non-pregnant and pregnant patients was identified in the present study. Alterations of DNA methylation were associated with the pathogenesis and exacerbation of CPA during pregnancy.

Unbiased Screening Identifies Functional Differences in NK Cells After Early Life Psychosocial Stress.

Early Life Adversity (ELA) is closely associated with the risk for developing diseases later in life, such as autoimmune diseases, type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In humans, early parental separation, physical and sexual abuse or low social-economic status during childhood are known to have great impact on brain development, in the hormonal system and immune responses. Maternal deprivation (MD) is the closest animal model available to the human situation. This paradigm induces long lasting behavioral effects, causes changes in the HPA axis and affects the immune system. However, the mechanisms underlying changes in the immune response after ELA are still not fully understood. In this study we investigated how ELA changes the immune system, through an unbiased analysis, viSNE, and addressed specially the NK immune cell population and its functionality. We have demonstrated that maternal separation, in both humans and rats, significantly affects the sensitivity of the immune system in adulthood. Particularly, NK cells' profile and response to target cell lines are significantly changed after ELA. These immune cells in rats are not only less cytotoxic towards YAC-1 cells, but also show a clear increase in the expression of maturation markers after 3h of maternal separation. Similarly, individuals who suffered from ELA display significant changes in the cytotoxic profile of NK cells together with decreased degranulation capacity. These results suggest that one of the key mechanisms by which the immune system becomes impaired after ELA might be due to a shift on the senescent state of the cells, specifically NK cells. Elucidation of such a mechanism highlights the importance of ELA prevention and how NK targeted immunotherapy might help attenuating ELA consequences.

Nutrición de la embarazada, primer pilar de la nutrición para la vida / Nutrition of the pregnant, the first pillar of a nutrition for life

Following healthy eating patterns is important for pregnant and lactating women for a number of reasons. Increasing calories and nutrient intake is necessary to support the growth and development of the baby and maintain the health of the mother. Having access to a healthy dietary pattern before and during pregnancy will improve pregnancy outcomes. In addition, following a healthy diet plan before and during pregnancy as well as while breastfeeding has the potential to influence the health of mother and child in successive stages of life. Pregnancy and breastfeeding are special stages in a woman's life and nutrition plays a vital role before, during and after these stages in maintaining the health of the mother and her child. Consideration should be given to achieving and maintaining a healthy weight before pregnancy, gaining weight during pregnancy as recommended, and returning to a healthy weight after the postpartum period. Events that occur in the early stages of life play an important role in the development of chronic diseases. It is recognized that diet and lifestyle during pregnancy are crucial determinants for modulating the microbiota of the offspring, through a vertical transfer from the dysbiotic maternal environment. In addition, intestinal colonization is maximized in the first two years of life through the type and timing of feeding of the newborn

Seguir patrones de alimentación saludables es importante para las mujeres embarazadas y mujeres lactantes por varias razones. Aumento de calorías y la ingesta de nutrientes es necesaria para apoyar el crecimiento y desarrollo del bebé y mantener la salud de la madre. Tener acceso a un patrón dietético saludable antes y durante el embarazo mejorará. resultados del embarazo. Además, seguir un plan de dieta saludable antes y durante el embarazo, así como durante la lactancia, tiene el potencial influir en la salud de la madre y el niño en las sucesivas etapas de la vida. El embarazo y la lactancia son etapas especiales en la vida de una mujer y la nutrición juega un papel vital antes, durante y después de estas etapas en el mantenimiento de la salud de la madre y su hijo. Consideración debe darse para lograr y mantener un peso saludable antes embarazo, aumento de peso durante el embarazo según lo recomendado, y volver a un peso saludable después del período posparto. Los eventos que ocurren en las primeras etapas de la vida juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas. Se reconoce que la dieta y El estilo de vida durante el embarazo son determinantes cruciales para modular la microbiota de la descendencia, a través de una transferencia vertical desde el ambiente materno disbiótico. Además, la colonización intestinal se maximiza en los primeros dos años de vida a través del tipo y el momento de alimentación del recién nacido

Biological basis of child health 6: development of the skeletal system and orthopaedic conditions.

This article is the sixth in a series on the biological basis of child health. It provides an overview of the development of the skeletal system before and after birth, and outlines the potential congenital anomalies that may occur. The article explains the structure and function of the bones before describing the role of the joints, tendons and ligaments. It also outlines the presentation and management of some of the common orthopaedic conditions seen in infants and children, including fractures, osteogenesis imperfecta, scoliosis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, developmental dysplasia of the hip and achondroplasia.

Performance of calves born in different periods of the calving season in intensive beef cattle farming / [Desempenho em pecuária de corte intensiva de progênies nascidas em diferentes períodos da estação de parição]

The objective of this study was to evaluate, for two years, the performance of 124 female and 105 male Braford calves born during the first and second halves of the same calving season and the effects of birth period on the development of males until slaughter, as yearlings, and of females until calving, after having mated at 13-15 months of age. Early-born females were heavier than those born late at weaning (119.3 vs 109.9kg; P<0.05), at the start of the breeding season (275.0 vs 263.0kg; P<0.05), and at the end of the breeding season (300.0 vs 289.5kg; P<0.05), in addition to being more fertile (70 vs 50% pregnancy rate). There was no difference (P>0.05) in the development of males born early in relation to those born late, except for weaning weight, which was higher in the former. Steers born early were ready for slaughter at a younger age (459.6 vs 490.1 days; P<0.05), and both groups (early- and late-born) had a body condition classified as fat (4.21 points). In intensive production systems, both male and female calves perform better if they are born during the first half of the calving season.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por dois anos, o desempenho de 124 bezerras e 105 bezerros Braford nascidos durante a primeira e segunda metades da mesma estação, bem como os efeitos do período de nascimento no desenvolvimento dos machos até o abate e das fêmeas até o primeiro parto, após serem acasalados entre 13/15 meses de idade. As fêmeas nascidas precocemente foram mais pesadas do que as nascidas tardiamente ao desmame quando bezerras (119,3 vs. 109,9kg; P<0,05), no início da estação reprodutiva (275,0 vs. 263,0kg; P<0,05) e no final da estação reprodutiva (300,0 vs. 289,5kg; P<0,05), além de terem maior fertilidade (taxa de prenhez 70 vs. 50%). Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no desenvolvimento de bezerros nascidos precocemente em relação aos nascidos mais tardiamente, exceto no peso ao desmame, com superioridade dos primeiros. Os novilhos nascidos mais cedo ficaram prontos para o abate à idade mais jovem (459,6 vs. 490,1 dias; P<0,05), e ambos os grupos (nascidos precoce e tardiamente) tinham uma condição corporal classificada como gordura (4,21 pontos). Em sistemas de produção intensiva, os bezerros machos e fêmeas nascidos precocemente, na primeira metade da estação de parição, possuem melhor desempenho.(AU)

High Prevalence of Poor Iron Status Among 8- to 16-Year-Old Youth Athletes: Interactions Among Biomarkers of Iron, Dietary Intakes, and Biological Maturity.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of poor iron status in young athletes throughout the stages of iron deficiency and assess sex differences with iron deficiency in relation to growth and development and dietary intake.Methods: A cross-sectional analysis evaluated young male and female athletes (n = 91) between the ages 8 and 16 years. Anthropometric assessments, body composition, dietary intakes, and blood samples measuring ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and hemoglobin (Hb) were examined. Prevalence was calculated as percentages, and independent samples t tests examined sex differences. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient analyses quantified relationships among variables for the composite sample and each sex separately.Results: Iron depletion (low ferritin) was present in 65% and 86%, low iron levels (sTfR) in 51% and 68%, and anemia (low Hb) in 46% and 53% of the males and females, respectively. As iron deficiency progressed from low ferritin to high sTfR to anemia, prevalence decreased in both sexes, but always remained higher in females. Males were greater than females for weight, arm muscle size, and ferritin concentrations, while females were greater than males for biological maturity (p ≤ 0.05). Dietary iron intake was moderately to highly correlated (r = 0.543-0.723, p ≤ 0.05) with growth and development in females, but not males.Conclusions: Prevalence of poor iron status was higher than expected, particularly in adolescent females. Since rapid growth combined with sports participation may create high demands for iron bioavailability, emphasis may need to be placed on dietary iron intake for young athletes, particularly females.

Induction of developmental hematopoiesis mediated by transcription factors and the hematopoietic microenvironment.

The induction of hematopoiesis in various cell types via transcription factor (TF) reprogramming has been demonstrated by several strategies. The eventual goal of these approaches is to generate a product for unmet needs in hematopoietic cell transplantation therapies. The most successful strategies hew closely to clues provided from developmental hematopoiesis in terms of factor expression and environmental cues. In this review, we aim to summarize the TFs that play important roles in developmental hematopoiesis primarily and to also touch on adult hematopoiesis. Several aspects of cellular and molecular biology coalesce in this process, with TFs and surrounding cellular signals playing a major role in the overall development of the hematopoietic lineage. We attempt to put these elements into the context of reprogramming and highlight their roles.

SPRED proteins and their roles in signal transduction, development, and malignancy.

The roles of SPRED proteins in signaling, development, and cancer are becoming increasingly recognized. SPRED proteins comprise an N-terminal EVH-1 domain, a central c-Kit-binding domain, and C-terminal SROUTY domain. They negatively regulate signaling from tyrosine kinases to the Ras-MAPK pathway. SPRED1 binds directly to both c-KIT and to the RasGAP, neurofibromin, whose function is completely dependent on this interaction. Loss-of-function mutations in SPRED1 occur in human cancers and cause the developmental disorder, Legius syndrome. Genetic ablation of SPRED genes in mice leads to behavioral problems, dwarfism, and multiple other phenotypes including increased risk of leukemia. In this review, we summarize and discuss biochemical, structural, and biological functions of these proteins including their roles in normal cell growth and differentiation and in human disease.

Prepubertal gonadectomy reveals sex differences in approach-avoidance behavior in adult mice.

Adolescence is a developmental period that is associated with physical, cognitive, and affective maturation and a time when sex biases in multiple psychiatric diseases emerge. While puberty onset marks the initiation of adolescence, it is unclear whether the pubertal rise in gonadal hormones generates sex differences in approach-avoidance behaviors that may impact psychiatric vulnerability. To examine the influence of pubertal development on adult behavior, we removed the gonads or performed sham surgery in male and female mice just prior to puberty onset and assessed performance in an odor-guided foraging task and anxiety-related behaviors in adulthood. We observed no significant sex differences in foraging or anxiety-related behaviors between intact adult male and female mice but found significant differences between adult male and female mice that had been gonadectomized (GDX) prior to puberty onset. GDX males failed to acquire the odor-guided foraging task, showed reduced locomotion, and exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior, while GDX females showed the opposite pattern of behavior. These data suggest that puberty may minimize rather than drive differences in approach-avoidance phenotypes in male and female mice.

Influence of the antiretroviral therapy on the growth pattern of children and adolescents living with HIV/AIDS / Influência da terapia antirretroviral no padrão de crescimento em crianças e adolescentes vivendo com HIV/Aids

Abstract Objective: Weight and height growth impairment is one of the most frequent manifestations in HIV-infected children and may be the first sign of disease, being considered a marker of disease progression and an independent risk factor for death. The aim of this review is to evaluate the influence of antiretroviral therapy on the growth pattern of children and adolescents living with HIV/AIDS. Source of data: A non-systematic review was carried out in the PubMed database, with the terms "HIV", "Weight and height growth", "ART" and "children". The most relevant publications were selected. Data Synthesis: Antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected children and is clearly associated with recovery of weight and height-for-age Z-scores, especially when started early, in the asymptomatic child still without weight-height impairment. Therapeutic strategies involving the GH/IGF-1 axis, especially for children with growth impairment, are still being studied. Conclusions: HIV-infected children show early weight-height impairment; antiretroviral therapy improves the anthropometric profile of these children.

Resumo Objetivo: O acometimento do desenvolvimento pondero-estatural é uma das manifestações mais frequentes nas crianças infectadas pelo HIV e pode ser o primeiro sinal de doença, é considerado um marcador de progressão para doença e um fator de risco independente para morte. O objetivo desta revisão é avaliar a influência da terapia antirretroviral no padrão de crescimento em crianças e adolescentes vivendo com HIV/Aids. Fonte dos dados: Foi feita uma revisão não sistemática na base de dados PubMed, com os termos "HIV", "desenvolvimento pondero estatural", "TARV" e "crianças". Foram selecionadas as publicações mais relevantes. Síntese dos dados: A terapia antirretroviral reduziu substancialmente a morbimortalidade em crianças infectadas pelo HIV e está claramente associada à recuperação do escore-z de peso e de estatura para idade, principalmente quando iniciada precocemente, na criança assintomática e ainda sem comprometimento pondero-estatural. Estratégias terapêuticas que envolvem o eixo GH/IGF-1, principalmente para crianças com comprometimento do crescimento, ainda estão em estudo. Conclusões: As crianças infectadas pelo HIV apresentam comprometimento pondero-estatural precoce e a terapia antirretroviral melhora o perfil antropométrico dessas crianças.

Well-Child Visits for Infants and Young Children.

The well-child visit allows for comprehensive assessment of a child and the opportunity for further evaluation if abnormalities are detected. A complete history during the well-child visit includes information about birth history; prior screenings; diet; sleep; dental care; and medical, surgical, family, and social histories. A head-to-toe examination should be performed, including a review of growth. Immunizations should be reviewed and updated as appropriate. Screening for postpartum depression in mothers of infants up to six months of age is recommended. Based on expert opinion, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends developmental surveillance at each visit, with formal developmental screening at nine, 18, and 30 months and autism-specific screening at 18 and 24 months; the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force found insufficient evidence to make a recommendation. Well-child visits provide the opportunity to answer parents' or caregivers' questions and to provide age-appropriate guidance. Car seats should remain rear facing until two years of age or until the height or weight limit for the seat is reached. Fluoride use, limiting or avoiding juice, and weaning to a cup by 12 months of age may improve dental health. A one-time vision screening between three and five years of age is recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force to detect amblyopia. The American Academy of Pediatrics guideline based on expert opinion recommends that screen time be avoided, with the exception of video chatting, in children younger than 18 months and limited to one hour per day for children two to five years of age. Cessation of breastfeeding before six months and transition to solid foods before six months are associated with childhood obesity. Juice and sugar-sweetened beverages should be avoided before one year of age and provided only in limited quantities for children older than one year.

Basement Membranes in Development and Disease.

The basement membrane is a thin but dense, sheet-like specialized type of extracellular matrix that has remarkably diverse functions tailored to individual tissues and organs. Tightly controlled spatial and temporal changes in its composition and structure contribute to the diversity of basement membrane functions. These different basement membranes undergo dynamic transformations throughout animal life, most notably during development. Numerous developmental mechanisms are regulated or mediated by basement membranes, often by a combination of molecular and mechanical processes. A particularly important process involves cell transmigration through a basement membrane because of its link to cell invasion in disease. While developmental and disease processes share some similarities, what clearly distinguishes the two is dysregulation of cells and extracellular matrices in disease. With its relevance to many developmental and disease processes, the basement membrane is a vitally important area of research that may provide novel insights into biological mechanisms and development of innovative therapeutic approaches. Here we present a review of developmental and disease dynamics of basement membranes in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and vertebrates.

Necroptosis in development and diseases.

Necroptosis, a form of regulated necrotic cell death mediated by RIPK1 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 1) kinase activity, RIPK3, and MLKL (mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase), can be activated under apoptosis-deficient conditions. Modulating the activation of RIPK1 by ubiquitination and phosphorylation is critical to control both necroptosis and apoptosis. Mutant mice with kinase-dead RIPK1 or RIPK3 and MLKL deficiency show no detrimental phenotype in regard to development and adult homeostasis. However, necroptosis and apoptosis can be activated in response to various mutations that result in the abortion of the defective embryos and human inflammatory and neurodegenerative pathologies. RIPK1 inhibition represents a key therapeutic strategy for treatment of diseases where blocking both necroptosis and apoptosis can be beneficial.

Chlamydia trachomatis regulates growth and development in response to host cell fatty acid availability in the absence of lipid droplets.

Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular pathogen of humans that causes significant morbidity from sexually transmitted and ocular diseases globally. Ct acquires host fatty acids (FA) to meet the metabolic and growth requirements of the organism. Lipid droplets (LDs) are storehouses of FAs in host cells and have been proposed to be a source of FAs for the parasitophorous vacuole, termed inclusion, in which Ct replicates. Previously, cells devoid of LDs were shown to produce reduced infectious progeny at 24 hr postinfection (hpi). Here, although we also found reduced progeny at 24 hpi, there were significantly more progeny at 48 hpi in the absence of LDs compared to the control wild-type (WT) cells. These findings were confirmed using transmission electron microscopy where cells without LDs were shown to have significantly more metabolically active reticulate bodies at 24 hpi and significantly more infectious but metabolically inert elementary bodies at 48 hpi than WT cells. Furthermore, by measuring basal oxygen consumption rates (OCR) using extracellular flux analysis, Ct infected cells without LDs had higher OCRs at 24 hpi than cells with LDs, confirming ongoing metabolic activity in the absence of LDs. Although the FA oleic acid is a major source of phospholipids for Ct and stimulates LD synthesis, treatment with oleic acid, but not other FAs, enhanced growth and led to an increase in basal OCR in both LD depleted and WT cells, indicating that FA transport to the inclusion is not affected by the loss of LDs. Our results show that Ct regulates inclusion metabolic activity and growth in response to host FA availability in the absence of LDs.

Polycystic ovary syndrome throughout a woman's life.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among reproductive-aged women and the main cause of infertility due to anovulation. However, this syndrome spans the lives of women affecting them from in-utero life until death, leading to several health risks that can impair quality of life and increase morbidity and mortality rates. Fetal programming may represent the beginning of the condition characterized by hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance which leads to a series of medical consequences in adolescence, adulthood, and old age. Menstrual and fertility problems evolve into metabolic complications as age advances. An early and precise diagnosis is important for an adequate management of PCOS, especially at the extreme ends of the reproductive lifespan. However, many different phenotypes are included under the same condition, being important to look at these different phenotypes separately, as they may require different treatments and have different consequences. In this way, PCOS exhibits a great metabolic complexity and its diagnosis needs to be revised once again and adapted to recent data obtained by new technologies. According to the current medical literature, lifestyle therapy constitutes the first step in the management, especially when excess body weight is associated. Pharmacotherapy is frequently used to treat the most predominant manifestations in each age group, such as irregular menses and hirsutism in adolescence, fertility problems in adulthood, and metabolic problems and risk of cancer in old age. Close surveillance is mandatory in each stage of life to avoid health risks which may also affect the offspring, since fetal and post-natal complications seem to be increased in PCOS women.

Developmental Care: assistance of nurses from Neonatal Intensive Care Units / Cuidado de desarrollo: asistencia de los enfermeros de Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal / Cuidado Desenvolvimental: assistência de enfermeiros de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the Developmental Care in nursing care for Newborns in critical Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Method: a qualitative study with 11 nurses from Neonatal Intensive Care Units of a city in the State of São Paulo countryside, based on the Developmental Care. Data collection was based on non-participant observation, documentary research in medical records and semi-structured interviews. The Symbolic Interactionism was adopted as theoretical framework, and the Bardin Content Analysis, as method of analysis. Results: nurses have knowledge about Developmental Care; however, there are dissonances with doing them. The analysis is presented from two thematic categories: "Nurses' performance in the Developmental Care" and "Nurse, Family and Developmental Care". Final considerations: it is necessary to encourage reflections on the care of nurses regarding Developmental Care, and to foster sensitivity and perception in relation to the executed and registered.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el cuidado de desarrollo en la asistencia de los enfermeros al Recién Nacido crítico, en Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal. Método: estudio cualitativo con 11 enfermeros de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal de un municipio del interior paulista que tuvo como base conceptual el cuidado de desarrollo. La recolección de datos ocurrió a partir de la observación no participante, investigación documental en prontuarios y entrevista semiestructurada. El Interaccionismo Simbólico fue adoptado como referencial teórico, y el Análisis de Contenido de Bardin, como método de análisis. Resultados: los enfermeros poseen conocimiento acerca del Cuidado de Desarrollo; sin embargo, hay disonancias con el hacer de los mismos. El análisis se presenta a partir de dos categorías temáticas: "Cuidado de Desarrollo en la actuación del enfermero" y "Enfermero, familia y Cuidado de Desarrollo". Consideraciones finales: es necesario avivar reflexiones sobre la asistencia del enfermero en cuanto al Cuidado de Desarrollo y fomentar sensibilidad y percepción en relación al ejecutado y registrado.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o Cuidado Desenvolvimental na assistência de enfermeiros ao Recém-Nascido crítico, em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal. Método: estudo qualitativo com 11 enfermeiros de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal de um município do interior paulista que teve como base conceitual o Cuidado Desenvolvimental. A coleta de dados ocorreu a partir da observação não participante, pesquisa documental em prontuários e entrevista semiestruturada. O Interacionismo Simbólico foi adotado como referencial teórico, e a Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin, como método de análise. Resultados: os enfermeiros detêm conhecimento acerca do Cuidado Desenvolvimental, contudo, há dissonâncias com o fazer dos mesmos. A análise está apresentada a partir de duas categorias temáticas: "Cuidado Desenvolvimental na atuação do enfermeiro" e "Enfermeiro, família e Cuidado Desenvolvimental". Considerações finais: é necessário avivar reflexões sobre a assistência do enfermeiro quanto ao Cuidado Desenvolvimental, e fomentar sensibilidade e percepção em relação ao executado e registrado.

Radiographic Outcomes of Shilla Growth Guidance System and Traditional Growing Rods Through Definitive Treatment.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of a multicenter database. OBJECTIVES: To compare the radiographic outcomes of patients who had undergone the Shilla Growth Guidance System (SGGS) and traditional growing rod (GR) treatment for management of early-onset scoliosis (EOS) through definitive treatment. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The efficacy of surgical treatment of EOS can only be determined after definitive treatment has been completed. We wanted to review our experience with the SGGS and GR for management of EOS through definitive treatment. METHODS: Patients who had surgical treatment with SGGS or GR and had undergone definitive treatment were included. The patients were matched by age, preoperative curve magnitude, and diagnosis. The study population consisted of 36 patients (18 in each group) whose mean age at initial surgery was as follows: SGGS, 7.9 years; and GR, 7.7 years (not significant [NS]). Length of follow-up after initial surgery was 6.1 years for SGGS and 7.4 years for GR (NS). Definitive treatment was posterior spinal fusion (15 SGGS, 17 GR), implant removal (3 SGGS), or completion of lengthenings (1 GR). RESULTS: The preoperative curve was 61 degrees for SGGS and 65 degrees for GR (NS). After index surgery, the major curve decreased to 24 degrees (-37 degrees) for SGGS and 38 (-27 degrees) for GR (p < .05). At last follow-up, the major curve was 34 degrees (44%) for SGGS and 36 degrees (45%) for GR (NS). The initial T1-T12 length for SGGS was 188 mm and for GR, 181 mm; at last follow-up, SGGS was 234 mm (46 mm increase) and GR was 233 mm (52 mm increase) (NS). CONCLUSION: Our analysis shows the final radiographic outcomes (and changes) and complications (implant-related and infection) between the SGGS and GR groups were not statistically different. The main difference between the two groups was the threefold difference in overall surgeries.

Inducen cambios relevantes en las estimaciones de la talla los nuevos procedimientos de construcción de curvas de crecimiento / Do new procedures for estimating growth curves introduce outstanding changes in height estimates

Introducción: El uso de curvas de crecimiento para supervisar el desarrollo físico de los niños es esencial en la práctica pediátrica. Las normas cubanas de talla se elaboraron en la década de los 70 siguiendo procedimientos recomendados en ese momento. En los últimos años se han obtenido métodos estadísticos automatizados capaces de modelar correctamente el proceso del crecimiento. La OMS, en su Estudio Multicéntrico, utilizó el método Box-Cox PowerExponential (BCPE). Es importante determinar si introducir este nuevo procedimiento para construir curvas induce modificaciones en los valores de los perpercentiles que habitualmente se estiman. Objetivo: evaluar las discrepancias entre los valores de los perpercentiles estimados por ambos procedimientos. Material y Métodos: se usaron los datos de longitud en decúbito supino y estatura, de sujetos cubanos menores de 20 años medidos en el primer Estudio Nacional de Crecimiento y Desarrollo (ENCD). Se construyeron curvas usando el método BCPE implementado en el paquete GAMLSS de R. Las diferencias se evaluaron comparando los valores de los perpercentiles suavizados obtenidos por ambos métodos. Resultados: los modelos que mejor ajustaron fueron: para la longitud en decúbito supino, sexo femenino NO (GLµ=10;GLÏ­=5;edad0.001); sexo masculino NO(GLlµ=14;GLÏ­=6;edad0.006); para estatura, sexo femenino NO(GLµ=16;GLÏ­=10;edad0.544); sexo masculino NO(GLµ=16;GLÏ­=12;edad0.117). Las estimaciones de los perpercentiles de estatura fueron muy similares con ambos procedimientos. En los perpercentiles extremos de la longitud en decúbito supino se detectaron diferencias, debidas muy probablemente a correcciones introducidas en el cómputo de la desviación estándar durante el procesamiento del ENCD. Conclusiones: para la longitud en decúbito supino se detectaron diferencias, no así en la estatura. Se recomienda el uso del procedimiento automatizado pues disminuye considerablemente la carga subjetiva presente en el método anterior(AU)

Introduction: The use of growth curves to monitor physical development in children is essential for pediatric health care. Cuban height charts were created during the seventies decade following technics recommended at that time. In the last years, statistical methods based computational technics have been obtained a better model pattern for growth process. In particular WHO in the Multicenter Growth Study used the Box-Cox Power Exponential (BCPE) method. It is important to determine whether the application of such procedure in drawing curves introduce changes in the percentiles' estimates commonly used. Objective: To evaluate discrepancies between percentiles' estimates from both methods. Material and methods: supine-decubitus length data and height from Cubans under 20 years old from the first National Growth and Development Study (ENCD) were examined. Perpercentiles were estimated viEl método BCPE a the BCPE method implemented in GAMLSS' package supported in R language. Comparison of smoothed percentiles obtained from both procedures were plotted to evaluate discrepancies. Results: The best fitted models were: for female supine-decubitus lengths the NO (DFµ=10;DFÏ­=5;age0.001) and NO(DFµ=14;DFÏ­=6;age0.006) for male respectively and NO(DFµ=16;DFÏ­=10;age0.544) and NO(DFµ=16;DFÏ­=12;age0.117) for female and male height. Height percentiles estimates were closely enough using either method. Some differences were detected for length percentiles, possibly due to computational corrections done while calculating standard deviations of ENCD. Conclusions: Some differences were detected for length percentiles estimations but not for the height. The use of computational procedure is recommended because its considerable reduction of the subjective charge as compare with the method used before(AU)